怀疑精神与怀疑主义人生哲理
怀疑精神与怀疑主义人生哲理
怀疑精神与怀疑主义是不同的，为什么不同法？这在于怀疑精神只是相对于一些事情而言，而怀疑主义则几乎是全盘否定人生，怀疑世界。显然，前者有利于促进社会的发展，而后者致使人们衰颓。
对于有些事情，我们不能完全相信，要抱持怀疑态度。譬如，现在的人普遍认为，现在人的思想开放了，于是要么对孩子致之不理，要么骄生惯养。他们认为，孩子是他们的未来，把一切希望都托付在他们的.身上。这承然没错，但这样做的后果是，将来他们可能变坏。你必须认识到，人得经过长期的教导才有希望成为有用之人，而要成为卓越的人更不容易。并非越开放越好，而应当择善而为。我们绝不能一味相信，有些事情最好要思索它的利弊。
这个社会并不缺少希望，而是“教导有方”。也不是头脑灵活的就一定有出息，假如他们一旦叛逆，那有可能沦为小偷，甚至盗贼。试问这样对社会有益还是有害？
另外一个现象是，文化越来越不受人欢迎，大多数人认为，能够长期在外闯荡的人更能适应社会，而且更容易成功、发达。但另一个见解是我所不能赞同的――那就是，所有不识字的大老粗都能成才；懂文字或者文墨较深者往往会不中用。固然那些大人物的事迹是值得人学习的榜样，但也不能因此而否定一切文化好的。难道文化高的没有成功的案例？不识字能够成为科技人员吗？不可能！
在这里我并非针对某些人，而是要明确指出，不要笼统地评论世事，这样看世界太过片面了！
但当然，我们也绝不能怀疑一切，不相信任何人、任何事的人也绝对不会有好结局。凡事凡人我们都应当衡量两面，这样才不会有较多的悔恨产生，人类才会真正完善。
《红字》
《红字》-对清教主义的怀疑
【English Abstract】 The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a classical novel in American literature in the 19th century. Since the first Chinese translation of The Scarlet Letter appeared in the 1950’s scholars and readers in this country have shown an ever-increasing interest in his works. Its immortal enchantment lies in not only its condemnation of the negative impact of Puritan society on people’s spirit, but also its affirmation of goodness. The novel aims at criticizing severely Puritanical asceticism, suggesting Hawthorne’s further thinking over the “original sin” “good and evil” “soul salvation” “total depravity” by analyzing the four main characters in the novel. The novel concerns the consequence caused by the sin and people’s attitude towards sin rather than the sin itself. He believes man can do good deeds to get rid of evil in his heart.
【Key Words】 Puritanism; Human nature; Prynne; Dimmesdale; Roger; Pearl; the scarlet letter
【中文摘要】 <<红字>>是十九世纪美国作家霍桑的成名作.自从本世纪五十年代被译介到我国以来,一直倍受读者的喜爱.其不朽的魅力在于它不仅无情的鞭挞了清教法规对人性的践踏,更重要的是作者对人性的善的肯定.本文旨在通过小说中四位主要人物的分析, 阐明作品所表现的深刻思想内涵:通过与邪恶的搏斗，人可以获得道德上的'完善，从而批判了清教主义所倡导的“原罪”“善恶”“拯救灵魂”“彻底堕落”的说法：小说作者主要关心的是原罪导致的后果及人们对待原罪的态度，而不是罪孽本身，他认为由于爱而犯下罪过可以得到忏悔拯救。
【关键字】 清教法规；人性；白兰；丁梅斯代尔；齐灵沃斯；珍珠；红字A
1．Introduction
The Scarlet Letter is a famous American novel whose author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, is considered the leading American native fictionist of the 19th century. Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusette, of a prominent Puritan family, on July4, 1804. “In 1850 he brought out his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter, the story of a triangular love affair in colonial America. In this novel Hawthorne condemned the Puritan philosophy of life”[1]P49 “His stories display a psychological insight into moral isolation and human emotion. He distrusted the claim of objective reason to be able to arrive at humanly relevant truth” [2]P53
His short stories and novel includes: The Minister’s Black Veil, Twice Told Tales, Mosses from an Old Manse, The House of The Seven Gables, The Marble Faun, among which The Scarlet Letter is the most famous. The novel is short but very moving. Prynne, a young and beautiful woman, came to New England two years before his husband, an old, ugly man who can not give Prynne love. Prynne, then falls in love with Dimmesdale, a young handsome clergyman and then has a baby, Pearl, because she can not get any news from her husband, thinking that he has died. When her “adultery” is discovered, she is punished to wear a scarlet letter “A” on her chest all her life. Her husband, Roger, tries his best to torment Dismmesdale. And Dimmesdale, suffering from both physical and spirit torment, announces his “sin” at last, he dies an honest man. Roger, withers at last, Prynne, restructures her life and wins people’s respect, Pearl, leaves for Europe, marries a noble family, leading a happy life.
Hawthorne’s thought was full of contradictions. In his days, American capitalism was developing rapidly, and the social structure was changeable. He couldn’t understand this change, and tried to explain it by discovering the “hidden evil” in everyone’s heart because of the influence of Puritanism. He used symbolism and imagination, which made his works full of mystical color.
In this research paper, I analsize the main characters of the novel aiming at discussing the novel is a skeptic to the Puritan Thought.
2．Puritanism in American
“Puritanism was entirely English in its origin, yet the movement achieved its greatest influence in America. The 17th century colonies in New England represent the fullest development of the movement.”[3]P22 Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church, who came into existence in the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I. The first Puritans to arrive in America were Separatists. A new group of Separatists fled England in 1607---1609, to the north of Plymouth, in the area around Boston, other Puritans began arriving in 1628---1630. They came over under the aus//biyelunwen./picpany, a corporation with rights to the area of land lying between the Charles and the Merrimack rivers.
